1.4. Options Controlling C Dialect

Support all ANSI standard C programs.

This turns off certain features of GNU C that are incompatible with ANSI C, such as the asm, inline and typeof keywords, and predefined macros such as UNIX and VAX that identify the type of system you are using. It also enables the undesirable and rarely used ANSI trigraph feature, and it disables recognition of C++ style "//" comments.

The alternate keywords __asm__, __extension__, __inline__ and __typeof__ continue to work despite -ansi. You would not want to use them in an ANSI C program, of course, but it is useful to put them in header files that might be included in compilations done with -ansi. Alternate predefined macros such as __unix__ and __vax__ are also available, with or without -ansi.

The -ansi option does not cause non-ANSI programs to be rejected gratuitously. For that, -pedantic is required in addition to -ansi. See Section 1.6.

The macro __STRICT_ANSI__ is predefined when the -ansi option is used. Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the ANSI standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with any programs that might use these names for other things.

The functions alloca, abort, exit, and _exit are not built-in functions when -ansi is used.

Do not recognize asm, inline or typeof as a keyword, so that code can use these words as identifiers. You can use the keywords __asm__, __inline__ and __typeof__ instead. -ansi implies -fno-asm.

In C++, this switch only affects the typeof keyword, since asm and inline are standard keywords. You may want to use the -fno-gnu-keywords flag instead, as it also disables the other, C++-specific, extension keywords such as headof.

Don't recognize built-in functions that do not begin with two leading underscores. Currently, the functions affected include abort, abs, alloca, cos, exit, fabs, ffs, labs, memcmp, memcpy, sin, sqrt, strcmp, strcpy, and strlen.

GCC normally generates special code to handle certain built-in functions more efficiently; for instance, calls to alloca may become single instructions that adjust the stack directly, and calls to memcpy may become inline copy loops. The resulting code is often both smaller and faster, but since the function calls no longer appear as such, you cannot set a breakpoint on those calls, nor can you change the behavior of the functions by linking with a different library.

The -ansi option prevents alloca and ffs from being built-in functions, since these functions do not have an ANSI standard meaning.

Assert that compilation takes place in a hosted environment. This implies -fbuiltin. A hosted environment is one in which the entire standard library is available, and in which main has a return type of int. Examples are nearly everything except a kernel. This is equivalent to -fno-freestanding.

Assert that compilation takes place in a freestanding environment. This implies -fno-builtin. A freestanding environment is one in which the standard library may not exist, and program startup may not necessarily be at main. The most obvious example is an OS kernel. This is equivalent to -fno-hosted.

Support ANSI C trigraphs. You don't want to know about this brain damage. The -ansi option implies -trigraphs.

Attempt to support some aspects of traditional C compilers. Specifically:

• All extern declarations take effect globally even if they are written inside of a function definition. This includes implicit declarations of functions.

• The newer keywords typeof, inline, signed, const and volatile are not recognized. (You can still use the alternative keywords such as __typeof__, __inline__, and so on.)

• Comparisons between pointers and integers are always allowed.

• Integer types unsigned short and unsigned char promote to unsigned int.

• Out-of-range floating-point literals are not an error.

• Certain constructs that ANSI regards as a single invalid preprocessing number, such as "0xe-0xd", are treated as expressions instead.

• String "constants" are not necessarily constant; they are stored in writable space, and identical looking constants are allocated separately. (This is the same as the effect of -fwritable-strings.)

• All automatic variables not declared register are preserved by longjmp. Ordinarily, GNU C follows ANSI C: automatic variables not declared volatile may be clobbered.

• The character escape sequences "\x" and "\a" evaluate as the literal characters "x" and "a" respectively. Without -traditional, "\x" is a prefix for the hexadecimal representation of a character, and "\a" produces a bell.

• In C++ programs, assignment to this is permitted with -traditional. (The option -fthis-is-variable also has this effect.)

You may wish to use -fno-builtin as well as -traditional if your program uses names that are normally GNU C built-in functions for other purposes of its own.

You cannot use -traditional if you include any header files that rely on ANSI C features. Some vendors are starting to ship systems with ANSI C header files and you cannot use -traditional on such systems to compile files that include any system headers.

The -traditional option also enables the -traditional-cpp option, which is described next.

Attempt to support some aspects of traditional C preprocessors. Specifically:

• Comments convert to nothing at all, rather than to a space. This allows traditional token concatenation.

• In a preprocessing directive, the "#" symbol must appear as the first character of a line.

• Macro arguments are recognized within string constants in a macro definition (and their values are stringified, though without additional quote marks, when they appear in such a context). The preprocessor always considers a string constant to end at a newline.

• The predefined macro __STDC__ is not defined when you use -traditional, but __GNUC__ is (since the GNU extensions that __GNUC__ indicates are not affected by -traditional). If you need to write header files that work differently depending on whether -traditional is in use, by testing both of these predefined macros you can distinguish four situations: GNU C, traditional GNU C, other ANSI C compilers, and other old C compilers. The predefined macro __STDC_VERSION__ is also not defined when you use -traditional.

• The preprocessor considers a string constant to end at a newline (unless the newline is escaped with "\"). (Without -traditional, string constants can contain the newline character as typed.)

Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second and third arguments. The value of such an expression is void.

Let the type char be unsigned, like unsigned char.

Each kind of machine has a default for what char should be. It is either like unsigned char by default or like signed char by default.

Ideally, a portable program should always use signed char or unsigned char when it depends on the signedness of an object. But many programs have been written to use plain char and expect it to be signed, or expect it to be unsigned, depending on the machines they were written for. This option, and its inverse, let you make such a program work with the opposite default.

The type char is always a distinct type from each of signed char or unsigned char, even though its behavior is always just like one of those two.

Let the type char be signed, like signed char.

Note that this is equivalent to -fno-unsigned-char, which is the negative form of -funsigned-char. Likewise, the option -fno-signed-char is equivalent to -funsigned-char.

You may wish to use -fno-builtin as well as -traditional if your program uses names that are normally GNU C built-in functions for other purposes of its own.

You cannot use -traditional if you include any header files that rely on ANSI C features. Some vendors are starting to ship systems with ANSI C header files and you cannot use -traditional on such systems to compile files that include any system headers.

These options control whether a bitfield is signed or unsigned, when the declaration does not use either signed or unsigned. By default, such a bitfield is signed, because this is consistent: the basic integer types such as int are signed types.

However, when -traditional is used, bitfields are all unsigned no matter what.

Store string constants in the writable data segment and don't uniquize them. This is for compatibility with old programs that assume they can write into string constants. The option -traditional also has this effect.

Writing into string constants is a very bad idea; "constants" should be constant.

Do not promote single-precision math operations to double precision, even when compiling with -traditional.

Traditional K&R C promotes all floating-point operations to double precision, regardless of the sizes of the operands. On the architecture for which you are compiling, single precision may be faster than double precision. If you must use -traditional, but want to use single precision operations when the operands are single precision, use this option. This option has no effect when compiling with ANSI or GNU C conventions (the default).